Postpartum depression (PPD) is a subtype of major depressive episode (MDE) with onset during the peripartum period or within four weeks after childbirth, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). PPD represents the most prevalent complication of the postpartum period and is comorbid with anxiety in approximately 50% of cases. Its estimated global prevalence ranges from 15–25%; however, these figures are considered unreliable, as PPD is not only frequently underdiagnosed and, consequently, undertreated, but also remains understudied despite its high prevalence and substantial impact on both the mother and her offspring. PPD raises suicide risk, impairs caregiving, and affects child social development. . Currently, only two pharmacological agents are specifically approved for the treatment of PPD; however, these are unavailable in our country and are extremely costly. Therefore, elucidating the underlying mechanisms and neuronal circuits involved in PPD is of paramount importance to advancing comprehensive understanding of its pathophysiology and enabling timely diagnosis and effective interventions. Here, we discuss a murine model of PPD to conduct behavioral assessments and to identify specific neuronal circuits implicated in the disorder. This approach will provide mechanistic insights that may inform the development of novel, accessible therapeutic strategies.